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El impacto de género de la reforma a la seguridad social en América
Las reformas recientes hechas a los sistemas multi-pilar estrechan el vínculo entre las contribuciones salariales y los beneficios, conduciendo a que los críticos arguyan que éstas reformas perjudicarán a las mujeres, quienes tienen un empleo menos continuo y ganan menores salarios que los hombres. Sin embargo, estas reformas también eliminan distorsiones y enfocan las redistribuciones hacia los...
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Restricciones, problemas y dilemas de la protección social en América Latina: Enfrentando los desafíos del envejecimiento y la seguridad de los ingresos
Este artículo discute las principales restricciones, problemas y dilemas que enfrenta la protección social en América Latina en un contexto de cambio demográfico e insuficientes logros en el desempeño de la economía, particularmente en el mercado laboral. En el mismo se plantea la necesidad de readecuar la matriz general de provisión de protección social en función de una redefinición de...
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Economía política de las reformas a la seguridad social en las Américas
Este artículo analiza ciertos factores que inciden en las decisiones sobre implementar reformas, paramétricas o estructurales en las Américas. Esta área posee un conjunto muy específico de condiciones, por ejemplo un sistema político sui géneris con un alto grado de apertura económica, entre otros. El grado de libertad económica es relevante para las reformas estructurales, mientras que el...
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The gender impact of social security reform in Latin America
Recent multi-pillar pension reforms tighten the link between payroll contributions and benefits, leading critics to argue that they will hurt women, who have less continuous employment and earn lower wages than men. However, these reforms also remove distortions and target redistributions to low earners, which help women. This paper tests these conflicting claims in the case of three Latin...
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Restrictions, problems and dilemmas of social provision in Latin America: facing challenges from aging and income inequality
This paper discusses the main restrictions, problems and dilemmas that social provision faces in Latin America in a context of demographic changes and low achievements in the economic performance, particularly in the labor market. It is proposed the need to adapt the general social provision matrix as function of priorities and restrictions set by financing access. Due to the limited labor...
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Social security and inequality in Mexico: from polarization to universality
The article documents the failure of social security in Mexico as an instrument of social protection and evaluates possible reform strategies. It analyses the truncated coverage of these systems for the most vulnerable, the regressive incidence and horizontal inequities of public social security subsidies, and the consequences for old-age poverty and inequalities in basic health opportunities. It...
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Provisional and welfare inclusion in Brazil (1988-2005): scope and limits
This paper analyses the influence of new rights derived from the Social Security System in Brazil after the Federal Constitution (1988). At least, three different and independent forces determinate the arrangements in social security policies: 1) the new social rights created by constitutional rules in response to social pressure; 2) the decrease of employment and wages in salaried jobs imposed...
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The political economy of social security reforms in the Americas
This paper analyses the factors affecting the decision to apply a reform (parametric and structural) in the Americas, which may hold a specific set of conditions, i.e. a sui generis political system and a high degree of economic openness, among others. Economic freedom is relevant in the case of structural reforms, while results for the share of older population are not conclusive. It may be that...
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