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Analysis of the use of financial services by companies in Mexico: What does the 2009 Economic Census tell us?
We present a descriptive analysis of the results of Mexico's 2009 Economic Census regarding the use of bank credit and accounts by productive entities (companies). INEGI was requested to prepare a set of statistics regarding various company characteristics that are relevant to the decisions made by institutions offering banking services. Information was grouped according to company size and to...
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Introduction (On the issues addressed by this issue of the journal)
Micro and small-sized enterprises (MSE) have a central role in economic development in Latin America given their large contribution to employment generation, their share in the total number of firms and, to a lesser extent, their contribution to gross domestic product. Yet, their production is mainly oriented to the domestic market and they are characterized by an increasing productivity gap with...
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Social capital in labor market access and poverty in Mexico
Social capital, defined as the set of social networks that a person has in order to obtain benefits, is used by the population as a mechanism for providing resources, to cushion shocks in consumption and to obtain information on available employment opportunities. This study employs a logistic model to characterize the manner in which people access the labor market in Mexico through the use of...
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Infantil mortality inequities in Colombia: Progress and challenges after major responsability measures from local authorities
This paper aims to analyse the space and time distribution of the infant mortality rate (IMR) at municipality level in Colombia before and after conferring greater responsibilities to the municipalities for the administration of the local health care systems. Using special econometrics, we find that there is a geographical concentration of IMR persisting over time and defining two groups of...
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A simple poverty scorecard for Mexico
This study uses Mexico's 2008 National Household Survey of Income and Expenditure to I construct an easy-to-use scorecard that estimates the likelihood that a household has income below a given poverty line. The scorecard uses ten simple indicators that field workers can quickly collect and verify. Poverty scores can be computed on paper in the field in about five to ten minutes. The scorecard's...
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Socio-economic determinants and inequalities in childhood malnutrition in Sri Lanka
Despite countless initiatives to alleviate malnutrition over the years, it affects hundreds of thousands of children in Sri Lanka. Understanding the determinants of malnutrition and their contribution to socio-economic inequality in malnutrition is essential in targeting specific socio-economic groups to improve their nutrition levels. This study attempts to identify the socio-economic...
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Book review. Violence and social orders: a conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history, by Douglas C. North, John Joseph Wallis, and Barry R. Weingast
Why societies differ in their level of violence? This is the question addressed by North, Wallis, and Weingast. To provide an answer they must develop a rich theory of how individuals and organizations that compose a human group voluntarily surrender their will to act violently in exchange for participating in a society with improved conditions for the creation and conservation of wealth.
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The health insurance reform in the Netherlands and its relevance for Mexico
Alrededor del mundo se observan dos versiones de la organización de los seguros de salud; la seguridad social basada en el empleo, y los servicios nacionales de salud. En Latinoamérica regularmente se usa la primera, pero se está lejos de lograr la cobertura universal. En los Países Bajos encontramos una peculiar mezcla de obligaciones públicas y responsabilidades privadas. La cobertura universal...
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Feasibility analysis of an integrated health system: financial and distributive implications
The document presents spending projections and projections of the distributive incidence for an Integrated Health System under three basic scenarios: status quo, a two pillar scheme (financed through general taxes and private spending) and a three pillar scheme (financed through general taxes, social security contributions and private spending). By presenting these simulations, the study enhances...
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Los retos de la seguridad social en América Latina
Uno de los mayores retos que enfrentamos al abordar el tema de la seguridad social es el de proveer a los trabajadores una pensión digna, aquella donde el trabajador logre al menos lo básico de la canasta básica familiar, al terminar su vida laboral.
Conferencia pronunciada en el Curso "Evolución, Realidad y Perspectivas de los Regímenes de Pensiones" celebrado en el CIESS del 16 de julio al...
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Review of the 2010 World Health Report. Health system financing
The document that was presented by the World Health Organization (WHO) in February 2011 sets forth a series of proposals to encourage member countries to achieve universal health coverage. These proposals are presented in detail and are based both on world statistics and case
studies.
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Promised and actual benefits in mexican social security fot rhe transtion generation
Este artículo presenta un conjunto de mediciones de los costos y beneficios reales del plan general de retiro por jubilación proporcionado a los ciudadanos por parte del Sistema Mexicano de Pensiones (SMP), que son necesarias para evaluar las decisiones de los trabajadores en cuanto a la contribución a la seguridad social (es decir, trabajar en el sector formal) y al retiro. El SMP ofrece dos...
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Social security pensions and retirement decisions in Mexico
Using Mexican cohort data for 1991-2000 this article examines the relationship between retirement decisions —the transition from work to labor market inactivity— and social security (contributive) pensions in less developed countries. The available large time series also makes possible to examine how a financial crisis that took place in 1995 has affected retirement incentives. In most Latin...
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Employability and productivity among older workers: a policy frameworks and evidence from Latin America
As Latin American and the Caribbean countries face rapid aging transitions, the economic contribution of older workers would need to be strengthened. This paper uses household data from Brazil and Mexico to characterize labor market behavior of older workers, such as participation, sector and type of employment, and productivity, to identify critical areas for policy intervention. The paper also...
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La relevancia del acceso al crédito en la dinámica de la informalidad en México
Introducción: El fenómeno de la informalidad laboral ha cobrado gran relevancia en México como resultado del aumento en la proporción de trabajadores no inscritos en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), los cuales representan una mayoría dentro de la población económicamente activa (PEA). Acorde con cifras recientes capturadas por la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE),...
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El tratamiento de la seguridad social en el Mercado Común del Sur
Este artículo incorpora los temas vinculados a la seguridad social, dentro de los objetivos relacionados con los fines principales del proceso de integración del Mercosur, principalmente de la regulación de las consecuencias derivadas de una de las libertades fundamentales en el marco de la integración, esto es, de la libre circulación de las personas, que comprende las relaciones laborales, el...
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Discriminación laboral por razones genómicas
En este artículo se expone que a raíz del fenómeno genómico, el concepto de dignidad humana debe evolucionar para comprenderlo como un bien tangible, en el que el marco jurídico sobre las prácticas genéticas con investigación en el genoma humano, deberá orientarse a través de principios generales como son la protección a la inviolabilidad del ser humano y de sus derechos, la confidencialidad de...
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Obama Care: Reforma en materia de salud en Estados Unidos
Este es un extracto del ensayo “La Reforma en Materia de Salud de los Estados Unidos de América. Políticas públicas para el Siglo xxi en el sector”, en el que se hace un breve análisis sobre la reforma legal en materia de salud de los Estados Unidos (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act mejor conocida como Medicare Reform), cuya conformación se dio en el año 2005 y que fué promulgada...
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Evaluación de impacto de la Asignación Universal por Hijo
El documento detalla los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de impacto de la Asignación Universal por Hijo (auh) luego de cuatro años de su implementación en la Argentina. Esta política implicó extender el sistema de asignaciones familiares preexistente –limitado a los hijos de los trabajadores registrados en la seguridad social– a los hogares encabezados por desocupados y trabajadores...
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Maternidad y mercados laborales: el impacto de la legislación en Colombia
Este estudio busca determinar el impacto de la modificación de la Ley 1468 de 2011 sobre el sector laboral de las mujeres, norma que amplió la licencia por maternidad incluida en el Código Sustantivo del Trabajo en Colombia. Para identificar este impacto, comparamos los resultados laborales de dos grupos de mujeres con distintas tasas de fertilidad. El estudio encontró evidencia de que la...
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